Users

You can use CREATE USER and ALTER USER to create and manage database users, respectively. openGauss has one or more named databases. Users and roles are shared within the entire openGauss, but their data is not shared. That is, a user can connect to any database, but after the connection is successful, any user can access only the database declared in the connection request.

In non-separation-of-duties scenarios, openGauss user accounts can be created and deleted only by a system administrator or a security administrator with the CREATEROLE attribute. In separation-of-duties scenarios, a user account can be created only by an initial user or a security administrator.

When a user logs in, openGauss authenticates the user. A user can own databases and database objects (such as tables), and grant permissions of these objects to other users and roles. In addition to system administrators, users with the CREATEDB attribute can create databases and grant permissions on these databases.

Adding, Modifying, and Deleting Users

To create a user, use the SQL statement CREATE USER.
For example, create a user joe and set the CREATEDB attribute for the user.
```
postgres=# CREATE USER joe WITH CREATEDB PASSWORD "xxxxxxxx";
CREATE ROLE
```
To create a system administrator, use the CREATE USER statement with the SYSADMIN parameter.
To delete an existing user, use DROP USER.
To change a user account (for example, rename the user or change the password), use ALTER USER.
To view a user list, query the PG_USER view.
```
SELECT * FROM pg_user; 
```
To view user attributes, query the system catalog PG_AUTHID.
```
SELECT * FROM pg_authid; 
```

Private Users

If multiple service departments use different database user accounts to perform service operations and a database maintenance department at the same level uses database administrator accounts to perform maintenance operations, service departments may require that database administrators, without specific authorization, can manage (DROP, ALTER, and TRUNCATE) their data but cannot access (INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE, SELECT, and COPY) the data. That is, the management permissions of database administrators for tables need to be isolated from their access permissions to improve the data security of common users.

In separation-of-duties mode, a database administrator does not have permissions for the tables in schemas of other users. In this case, database administrators have neither management permissions nor access permissions, which does not meet the requirements of the service departments mentioned above. Therefore, openGauss provides private users to solve the problem. That is, create private users with the INDEPENDENT attribute in non-separation-of-duties mode.

CREATE USER user_independent WITH INDEPENDENT IDENTIFIED BY "1234@abc";

System administrators and security administrators with the CREATEROLE attribute can manage (DROP, ALTER, and TRUNCATE) objects of private users but cannot access (INSERT, DELETE, SELECT, UPDATE, COPY, GRANT, REVOKE, and ALTER OWNER) the objects before being authorized.